Heat and thermodynamics 7ed-Zemansky M.W.,Dittman
Textbook information
- Text book title : Heat and thermodynamics 7ed
- Author :Zemansky M.W.,Dittman R.H
- ISBN : 0070170592
File information
- File size : 6.047 Mb
- File format : DjVu File
- Total No. of pages : 508 pages
Text book content page
1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 3
- 1.1 Macroscopic Point of View 3
- 1.2 Microscopic Point of View 4
- 1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Points of View 5
- 1.4 Scope of Thermodynamics 6
- 1.5 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law 7
- 1.6 Concept of Temperature 10
- 1.7 Thermometers and Measurement of Temperature 12
- 1.8 Comparison of Thermometers 15
- 1.9 Gas Thermometer 16
- 1.10 Ideal-Gas Temperature 18
- 1.11 Celsius Temperature Scale 20
- 1.12 Platinum Resistance Thermometry 21
- 1.13 Radiation Thermometry 22
- 1.14 Vapor Pressure Thermometry 23
- 1.15 Thermocouple 23
- 1.16 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 24
- 1.17 Rankine and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales 26
2 Simple Thermodynamic Systems 29
- 2.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 29
- 2.2 Equation of State 31
- 2.3 Hydrostatic Systems 32
- 2.4 Mathematical Theorems 35
- 2.5 Stretched Wire 38
- 2.6 Surfaces 40
- 2. 7 Electrochemical Cell 41
- 2.8 Dielectric Slab 43
- 2.9 Paramagnetic Rod 44
- 2.10 Intensive and Extensive Coordinates
- 3.1 Work 49
- 3.2 Quasi-Static Process 50
- 3.3 Work in Changing the Volume of a Hydrostatic System 52
- 3.4 P V Diagram 54
- 3.5 Hydrostatic Work Depends on the Path 55
- 3.6 Calculation of P dV for Quasi-Static Processes 57
- 3. 7 Work in Changing the Length of a Wire 59
- 3.8 Work in Changing the Area of a Surface Film 59
- 3.9 Work in Moving Charge with an Electrochemical Cell 60
- 3.10 Work in Changing the Total Polarization of a Dielectric
- Solid 62
- 3.11 Work in Changing the Total Magnetization of a
- Paramagnetic Solid 63
- 3.12 Generalized Work 66
- 3.13 Composite Systems 66
4 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 72
- 4.1 Work and Heat 72
- 4.2 Adiabatic Work 74
- 4.3 Internal- Energy Function 77
- 4.4 Mathematical Formulation of the First Law 78
- 4.5 Concept of Heat 80
- 4.6 Differential Form of the First Law 81
- 4.7 Heat Capacity and its Measurement 83
- 4.8 Specific Heat of Water; the Calorie 87
- 4.9 Equations for a Hydrostatic System 88
- 4.
- 0 Quasi-Static Flow of Heat; Heat Reservoir 89
- 4.11 Heat Conduction 90
- 4.12 Thermal Conductivity and its Measurement 91
- 4.13 Heat Convection 93
- 4.14 Thermal Radiation; Blackbody 94
- 4.15 Kirchhoff's Law; Radiated Heat 97
- 4.16 Stefan-Boltzmann Law 99
5 Ideal Gas 106
- 5.1 Equation of State of a Gas 106
- 5.2 Internal Energy of a Real Gas 108
- 5.3 Ideal Gas 112
- 5.4 Experimental Determination of Heat Capacities 114
- 5.5 Quasi-Static Adiabatic Process 116
- 5.6 Riichhardt's Method of Measuring
- 5.7 Velocity of a Longitudinal Wave 121
- 5.8 The Microscopic Point of View
- 5.9 Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gas
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 140
- 6.1 Conversion of Work into Heat and Vice Versa 140
- 6.2 The Gasoline Engine 142
- 6.3 The Diesel Engine 146
- 6.4 The Steam Engine 148
- 6.5 The Stirling Engine 150
- 6.6 Heat Engine; Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second
- Law 153
- 6.7 Refrigerator; Clausius' Statement of the Second Law 154
- 6.8 Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius
- Statennents 156
- 6.9 Reversibility and Irreversibility 158
- 6.10 External Mechanical Irreversibility 159
- 6.11 Internal Mechanical Irreversiblity 161
- 6.12 External and Internal Thermal Irreversibility 161
- 6.13 Chemical Irreversibility 162
- 6.14 Conditions for Reversibility 163
7 The Carnot Cycle and the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 168
- 7.1 Carnot Cycle 168
- 7.2 Examples of Carnot Cycles 170
- 7.3 Carnot Refrigerator 173
- 7.4 Carnot's Theorem and Corollary 174
- 7.5 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 176
- 7.6 Absolute Zero and Carnot Efficiency 180
- 7.7 Equality of Ideal-Gas and Thermodynamic
- Temperatures 180
8 Entropy 186
- 8.1 Reversible Part of the Second Law 186
- 8.2 Entropy 189
- 8.3 Principle of Caratheodory 192
- 8.4 Entropy of the Ideal Gas 194
- 8.5 TS Diagram 196
- 8.6 Entropy and Reversibility 198
- 8.7 Entropy and Irreversibility 199
- 8.8 Irreversible Part of the Second Law 204
- 8.9 Heat and Entropy in Irreversible Processes 206
- 8.10 Entropy and Nonequilibrium States 208
- 8.11 Principle of Increase of Entropy
- 8.12 Application of the Entropy Principle
- 8.13 Entropy and Disorder
- 8.14 Exact Differentials
9 Pure Substances 222
- 9.1 PV Diagram for a Pure Substance 222
- 9.2 PT Diagram for a Pure Substance; Phase Diagram 226
- 9.3 PVT Surface 228
- 9.4 Equations of State 232
- 9.5 Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 233
- 9.6 Volume Expansivity; Cubic Expansion Coefficient 236
- 9.7 Compressibility 239
- 9.8 Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 243
- 9.9 TS Diagram for a Pure Substance 244
10 Mathematical Methods 249
- 10.1 Characteristic Functions 249
- 10.2 Enthalpy 252
- 10.3 Helmholtz and Gibbs Functions 258
- 10.4 Two Mathematical Theorems 260
- 10.5 Maxwell's Relations 261
- 10.6 T dS Equations 263
- 10.7 Internal-Energy Equations 267
- 10.8 Heat-Capacity Equations 269
11 Open Systems 277
- 11.1 Joule-Thomson Expansion 277
- 11.2 Liquefaction of Gases by the Joule-Thomson
- Expansion 280
- 11.3 First-Order Phase Transitions; Clausius-Clapeyron
- Equation 286
- 11.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and Phase Diagrams 289
- 11.5 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and the Carnot Engine 292
- 11.6 Chemical Potential 293
- 11.7 Open Hydrostatic Systems in Thermodynamic
- Equilibrium 297
12 Statistical Mechanics 307
- 12.1 Fundamental Principles 307
- 12.2 Equilibrium Distribution 311
- 12.3 Significance of Lagrangian Multipliers A and /3 314
- 12.4 Partition Function for Canonical Ensemble 317
- 12.5 Partition Function of an Ideal Monatomic Gas 319
- 12.6 Equipartition of Energy 322
- 12.7 Distribution of Speeds in an Ideal Monatomic Gas 324
- 12.8 Statistical Interpretation of Work and Heat 328
- 12.9 Entropy and Information 330
13 Thermal Properties of Solids 337
- 13.1 Statistical Mechanics of a Nonmetallic Crystal 337
- 13.2 Frequency Spectrum of Crystals 342
- 13.3 Thermal Properties of Nonmetals 345
- 13.4 Thermal Properties of Metals 348
14 Critical Phenomena; Higher-Order Phase Transitions 359
- 14.1 Critical State 359
- 14.2 Critical-Point Exponents of a Hydrostatic System 363
- 14.3 Critical-Point Exponents of a Magnetic System 368
- 14.4 Higher-Order Phase Transitions 372
- 14.5 Lambda Transitions in 4 He 374
- 14.6 Liquid and Solid Helium 378
15 Chemical Equilibrium 386
- 15.1 Dalton's Law 386
- 15.2 Semipermeable Membrane 387
- 15.3 Gibbs' Theorem 388
- 15.4 Entropy of a Mixture of Inert Ideal Gases 390
- 15.5 Gibbs Function of a Mixture of Inert Ideal Gases 392
- 15.6 Chemical Equilibrium 393
- 15.7 Thermodynamic Description of Nonequilibrium States 395
- 15.8 Conditions for Chemical Equilibrium 397
- 15.9 Condition for Mechanical Stability 398
- 15.10 Thermodynamic Equations for a Phase 400
- 15.11 Chemical Potentials 403
- 15.12 Degree of Reaction 404
- 15.13 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium 407
16 Ideal-Gas Reactions 413
- 16.1 Law of Mass Action 413
- 16.2 Experimental Determination of Equilibrium Constants 414
- 16.3 Heat of Reaction 417
- 16.4 Nernst's Equation 420
- 16.5 Affinity 423
- 16.6 Displacement of Equilibrium 426
- 16.7 Heat Capacity of Reacting Gases in Equilibrium 428
17 Heterogeneous Systems 433
- 17.1 Thermodynamic Equations for a Heterogeneous System 433
- 17.2 Phase Rule without Chemical Reaction 435
- 17.3 Simple Applications of the Phase Rule 439
- 17.4 Phase Rule with Chemical Reaction 443
- 17.5 Determination of the Number of Components 447
- 17.6 Displacement of Equilibrium 450
- A Physical Constants
- B Method of Lagrangian Multipliers
- D Riemann Zeta Functions
- E Thermodynamic Definitions and Formulas
Answers to Selected Problems
Index