The Particle hunters-Yuval Ne'eman and Yoram Kirsh eBook download

The Particle hunters - Yuval Ne'eman and Yoram Kirsh

Book information

• Text book title            : The Particle hunters


• Author                       : Yuval Ne'eman and Yoram Kirsh

File information

• File size                     :2.03 Mb


• File format                :DJVU File

http://depositfiles.com/en/files/jd95n199z

Content page title

1 The building blocks of the atom 1

• The beginnings of atomic research 1


• The discovery of the electron 2


• Rutherford's experiment 5


• Elements and isotopes 8


• Radioactivity 13


• The building blocks of the nucleus 16


• The proton 16


• The neutron 17


• Nuclear forces 19


• Tosee a particle 21


• Cloud chambers and bubble chambers 23


• Cerenkov counters,filmsand spark chambers 26

2 Physical laws for small particles 28

• The theory of relativity 28


• Mass and energy 29


• The split personality of light and the birth of quantum


• mechanics 31


• What is light? 31


• Black body radiation 33


• Waves and particles 35


• The Compton effect 37


• Bohr's model of the atom 38


• deBroglie:the electron is a wave 39


• Large and small bodies 41


• Quantum mechanics 42


• Heisenberg and the 'magic squares' 43


• Schrodinger and the wave equation 45


• Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 47


• Probability in the quantum theory 49


• Conceptual revolution 51


• Properties that characterize the particle - the discovery of spin 52


• What is spin? 53


• Is the electron really revolving on its axis? 57


• Spin and magnetic moment 58


• The Pauli exclusion principle 60


• The size of a particle 61

3 The discoveries of the 1930s and 1940s 63

• Cosmic rays 63


• Discovery of the positron 65


• Particles and anti-particles 67


• The neutrino and the weak force 68


• Neutrino observatories 74


• Yukawa's theory of the strong force 75


• What is force? 76


• The meson riddle 79


• New faces in cosmic rays 79


• Discovering the muon and pion 80


• The neutral pion 82


• The properties of the pions 83


• The properties of the muons 86

4 Particle accelerators - or from hunters to farmers 89

• The first accelerators 89


• The structure of a modern particle accelerator 90


• Linear accelerators 92


• Circular accelerators 94


• The physicist as a detective 101


• Masses and lifetimes 103


• Electronic and muonic neutrinos 104


• Measuring spins 106


• The neutral pion 107

5 Strange particles 110

• The dawn of a new era 110


• Unknown tracks 110


• Strange particles 112

6 Basic forces and the classification of particles 117 

• The four basic forces 117


• The force of gravity 119


• The electromagnetic force 122


• The weak force and the electroweak theory 123


• The strong force 125


• The relative strength of the basic forces 126


• The classification of particles 130

7 Conservation laws 133

• Conservation laws and symmetries 133


• The conservation of energy and mass 135


• The conservation of linear momentum 139


• The conservation of angular momentum 142


• Angular momentum in quantum mechanics 144


• The conservation of electric charge 147


• New conservation laws 148


• Conservation of baryon and lepton numbers 149


• Conservation of the baryon number 149


• Conservation of lepton numbers 152


• The conservation of strangeness 154


• Strangeness and the neutral kaons 159


• Strangeness and multiplets of particles 161


• The conservation of isospin and its component, I3 162


• The TCP theorem 165


• The conservation of parity 168


• Right and left, north and south 170


• The mirror distorts weak interactions 173


• Conservation laws- summary 177

8 Short-lived particles 180

• Extremely short-lived particles 180


• Detecting methods 181


• More and more resonances 187


• Storage rings or colliders 189


• The structure of SPEAR 192

9 Tothe quarks - via the eightfold way 195

• 9.1 The Sakata model 196


• 9.2 The eightfold way 198


• 9.3 Discovery of the omega minus 202


• 9.4 The quark model 205


• 9.5 The confined quarks 212


• 9.6 Experimental evidence for the quark model 217


• 9.7 Coloured quarks 221


• 9.8 Quantum chromodynamics and gluons 222

10 More quarks - or charm, truth and beauty 226

• The theory calls for a fourth quark 226


• Anarrow resonance at 3.1 GeV 229


• J,psi, charmonium 234


• The spectrum of charmonium 235


• The quest for charm 238


• Another quark enters the arena 242


• The number of leptons grows too 247


• Solar neutrinos and the neutrino mass 250


• The discovery of the carriers of the weak force 252


• The CERN proton-anti-proton collider 256


• Counting the generations by new e+e" colliders 261


• LEP at CERN 262


• The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) 264


• A double race 266


• 10.10 Reaching the top 267


• The Tevatron collider at Fermilab 267


• Looking for the top 268


• The top at last 269

11 The Standard Model and beyond 271

• The Standard Model 271


• Spontaneous symmetry breakdown 274


• The Higgsboson 274


• Beyond the Standard Model 275


• Are quarks and leptons really elementary? 276


• The unification of basic interactions 277


• Kaluza-Klein theories and supergravity 278


• Superstring theories 280


• The future of accelerators 281


• The rise and fall of the SSC 281


• New accelerators in Fermilab and SLAC 282


• The LHC at CERN 283


• HERA at DESY - where protons meet electrons 283


• Medium energy accelerators and kaon factories 284


• Particle physics and astronomy 285


• Future trends 287

Appendix 1 Properties of semi-stableparticles 289

Appendix 2 The Greek alphabet 290

Name index 291

Subject index 294