TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Review of Fundamentals
2.1 The fundamental principles
2.1.1. The basic equations
2.1.2. Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
2.2 Head loss formulas
2.2.1. Pipe friction
2.2.2. Darcy-Weisbach equation
2.2.3. Empirical equations
2.2.4. Exponential formula
2.2.5. Local and minor losses
2.3 Pump theory and characteristics
2.4 Steady flow analyses
2.4.1. Series pipe flow
2.4.2. Series pipe flow with pump(s)
2.4.3. Parallel pipe flow, equivalent pipes
2.4.4. Three reservoir problem
2.5 Problems
3. Manifold Flow
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Analysis of manifold flow
3.2.1. No friction
3.2.2. Barrel friction only
3.2.3. Barrel friction with junction losses
3.3 A hydraulic design procedure
3.4 Problems
4. Pipe Network Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1. Defining an appropriate pipe system
4.1.2. Basic relations between network elements
4.2 Equation systems for steady flow in networks
4.2.1. System of Q-equations
4.2.2. System of H-equations
4.2.3. System of ?Q-equations
4.3 Pressure reduction and back pressure valves
4.3.1. Q-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.3.2. H-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.3.3. ?Q-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.4 Solving the network equations
4.4.1. Newton method for large systems of equations
4.4.2. Solving the three equation systems via Newton
4.4.3. Computer solutions to networks
4.4.4. Including pressure reducing valves
4.4.5. Systematic solution of the Q-equations
4.4.6. Systematic solution of the H-equations
4.4.7. Systematic solution of the ?Q-equations
4.5 Concluding remarks
4.6 Problems
5. Design of Pipe Networks
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1. Solving for pipe diameters
5.1.2. Solution based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation
5.1.3. Solution based on the Hazen-Williams equation
5.1.4. Branched pipe networks
5.2 Large branched systems of pipes
5.2.1. Network layout
5.2.2. Coefficient matrix
5.2.3. Standard Linear Algebra
5.3 Looped network design criteria
5.4 Designing special components
5.5 Developing a solution for any variables
5.5.1. Logic and use of NETWEQS1
5.5.2. Data to describe the pipe system
5.5.3. Combinations that can not be unknowns
5.6 Higher order representations of pump curves
5.6.1. Within range polynomial interpolation
5.6.2. Spline function interpolation
5.7 Sensitivity analysis
5.8 Problems
6. Extended Time Simulations and Economical Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extended time simulations
6.3 Elements of engineering economics
6.3.1. Economics applied to water systems
6.3.2. Least cost
6.4 Economic network design
6.4.1. One principal supply source
6.4.2. Design guidelines for complex networks
6.5 Problems
7. Introduction to Transient Flow
7.1 Causes of transients
7.2 Quasi-steady flow
7.3 True transients
7.3.1. The Euler equation
7.3.2. Rigid-column flow in constant-diameter pipes
7.3.3. Water hammer
7.4 Problems
8. Elastic Theory of Hydraulic Transients (Water Hammer)
8.1 The equation for pressure head change ?H
8.2 Wave speed for thin-walled pipes
8.2.1. Net mass inflow
8.2.2. Change in liquid volume due to compressibility
8.2.3. Change in pipe volume due to elasticity
8.3 Wave speeds in other types of conduits
8.3.1. Thick-walled pipes
8.3.2. Circular tunnels
8.3.3. Reinforced concrete pipe
8.4 Effect of air entrainment on wave speed
8.5 Differential equations of unsteady flow
8.5.1. Conservation of mass
8.5.2. Interpretation of the differential equations
8.6 Problems
9. Solution by the Method of Characteristics
9.1 Method of characteristics, approximate governing equations
9.1.1. Development of the characteristic equations
9.1.2. The finite difference representation
9.1.3. Setting up the numerical procedure
9.1.4. Computerizing the numerical procedure
9.1.5. Elementary computer programs
9.2 Complete method of characteristics
9.2.1. The complete equations
9.2.2. The numerical solution
9.2.3. The ?s- ?t grid
9.3 Some parameter effects on solution results
9.3.1. The effect of friction
9.3.2. The effect of the size of N
9.3.3. The effect of pipe slope
9.3.4. Numerical instability and accuracy
9.4 Problems
10. Pipe System Transients
10.1 Series pipes
10.1.1. Internal boundary conditions
10.1.2. Selection of ?t
10.1.3. The computer program
10.2 Branching pipes
10.2.1. Three-pipe junctions
10.2.2. Four-pipe junctions
10.3 Interior major losses
10.4 Real valves
10.4.1. Valve in the interior of a pipeline
10.4.2. Valve at downstream end of pipe at reservoir
10.4.3. Expressing KL as a function of time
10.4.4. Linear interpolation
10.4.5. Parabolic interpolation
10.4.6. Transient valve closure effects on pressures
10.5 Pressure-reducing valves
10.5.1. Quick-response pressure reducing valves
10.5.2. Slower acting pressure-reducing or pressure-sustaining valves
10.6 Wave transmission and reflection at pipe junctions
10.6.1. Series pipe junctions
10.6.2. Tee junctions
10.6.3. Dead-end pipes
10.7 Column separation and released air
10.7.1. Column separation and released air
10.7.2. Analysis with column separation and released air
10.8 Problems
11. Pumps in Pipe Systems
11.1 Pump power failure rundown
11.1.1. Setting up the equations for booster pumps
11.1.2. Finding the change in speed
11.1.3. Solving the equations
11.1.4. Setting up the equations for source pumps
11.2 Pump startup
11.3 Problems
12. Network Transients
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rigid-column unsteady flow in networks
12.2.1. The governing equations
12.2.2. Three-pipe problem
12.3 A general method for rigid-column unsteady flow in pipe networks
12.3.1. The method
12.3.2. An example
12.4 Several pumps supplying a pipe line
12.5 Air chambers, surge tanks and standpipes
12.6 A fully transient network analysis
12.6.1. The initial steady state solution
12.6.2. TRANSNET
12.7 Problems
13. Transient Control Devices and Procedures
13.1 Transient problems in pipe systems
13.1.1. Valve movement
13.1.2. Check valves
13.1.3. Air in lines
13.1.4. Pump startup
13.1.5. Pump power failure
13.2 Transient control
13.2.1. Controlled valve movement
13.2.2. Check valves
13.2.3. Surge relief valves
13.2.4. Air venting procedures
13.2.5. Surge tanks
13.2.6. Air chambers
13.2.7. Other techniques for surge control
13.3 Problems
14. References
Appendices
A. Numerical Methods
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Linear algebra
A.2.1. Gaussian elimination
A.2.2. Use of the linear algebra solver SOLVEQ
A.3 Numerical integration
A.3.1. Trapezoidal rule
A.3.2. Simpson's rule
A.4 Solutions to ordinary differential equations
A.4.1. Introduction
A.4.2. Runge-Kutta method
A.4.3. Use of the ODE solver ODESDOL
B. Pump characteristic curves
C. Valve loss coefficients
C.1 Globe and angle valves
C.2 Butterfly valves
C.3 Ball valves
D. Answers to selected problems
